Black Vocalist Gold X Over Eyes Gold Out of Mouth Album Art
| E | |
|---|---|
| E e | |
| (Run across below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing arrangement | Latin script |
| Blazon | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0045, U+0065 |
| Alphabetical position | v |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | c. 700 BC to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | ee |
E, or e, is the fifth alphabetic character and the 2nd vowel letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is e (pronounced ); plural ees,[1] Es or E's.[2] It is the most unremarkably used alphabetic character in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Castilian, and Swedish. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ | Proto-Sinaitic | Proto-Canaanite hillul | Phoenician He | Etruscan E | Greek Epsilon | Latin/ Cyrillic E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Latin alphabetic character 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in plough comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling homo figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was well-nigh likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter of the alphabet represented /h/ (and /eastward/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter of the alphabet epsilon, used to represent /e/. The diverse forms of the Onetime Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨due east⟩ in European languages
English
Although Middle English spelling used ⟨east⟩ to represent long and short /eastward/, the Bully Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the alphabetic character is silent, generally at the cease of words like queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages it represents either [e], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, oftentimes with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, equally in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨east⟩ represents a mid-cardinal vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English language, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in High german, and ⟨european union⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in High german.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.
Nearly common letter of the alphabet
'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language alphabet (starting off the typographer'southward phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story "The Golden-Issues" past Edgar Allan Poe, a grapheme figures out a random character code by remembering that the well-nigh used letter in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative problems were caused past language limitations imposed by the lack of East."[8] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'eastward' and are considered better works.[9]
- E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[10]
- ⱸ : Due east with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[11]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel alphabetic character in German and other languages to point a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin alphabetic character epsilon / open up eastward, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open up east with retroflex hook[10]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open up e, which represents an open-mid fundamental unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin pocket-sized letter of the alphabet reversed epsilon / open up e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open up-mid key vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open e with retroflex hook[10]
- ᶟ : Modifier alphabetic character small reversed epsilon / open e[10]
- ɞ : Latin small alphabetic character closed reversed open e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA nautical chart)
- Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid key unrounded vowel in the IPA
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open east:[12]
- U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN Alphabetic character Small-scale Capital Eastward
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet TURNED OPEN E
- U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER Alphabetic character Upper-case letter E
- U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED E
- U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER Letter SMALL E
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER LETTER Modest Open E
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER Letter of the alphabet Small TURNED OPEN East
- U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER Minor CAPITAL TURNED E [13]
- e : Subscript pocket-size due east is used in Indo-European studies[14]
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription organization symbols related to E:[15]
- U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN Small-scale LETTER BLACKLETTER E
- U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN Small-scale LETTER BARRED E
- U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN Pocket-size LETTER East WITH FLOURISH
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter of the alphabet), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek alphabetic character Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Е е : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Ye
- Є є : Ukrainian Ye
- Э э : Cyrillic letter E
- Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
- 𐌄 : One-time Italic E, which is the ancestor of modernistic Latin E
- ᛖ : Runic letter of the alphabet Ehwaz, which is perhaps a descendant of Old Italic E
- 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz
- Ε ε : Greek alphabetic character Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- € : Euro sign.
- ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for auction inside the European Union).
- e : the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric accuse carried past a single proton)
- ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
- ∈ : the symbol for gear up membership in set theory.
- 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.
Lawmaking points
| Preview | E | e | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital letter LETTER Eastward | LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet East | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69 | U+0045 | 101 | U+0065 |
| UTF-8 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
| Numeric character reference | E | E | e | e |
| EBCDIC family | 197 | C5 | 133 | 85 |
| ASCII 1 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
- ane Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
In British Sign Linguistic communication (BSL), the letter of the alphabet 'eastward' is signed by extending the alphabetize finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left mitt, with all fingers of left manus open.
Use every bit a number
In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, Due east is a number that corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base of operations 10) counting.
References
- ^ "E" a letter Merriam-Webster's Tertiary New International Lexicon of the English Language Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the proper noun of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered E's, Eastwarddue south, due east'south, or due easts.
- ^ "Due east". Oxford Dictionary of English (tertiary ed.). Oxford University Printing. 2010. ISBN9780199571123.
noun (plural Es or East's)
- ^ Kelk, Brian. "Letter frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
- ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Key College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin's Printing (1996): 3
- ^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec'due south novel "was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a alphabetic character constraint."
- ^ a b c d Lawman, Peter (2004-04-xix). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-xix. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding iii Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E
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